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Core French Exam Review

A practice exam with questions from all 5 units, then the key facts from every lesson, unit by unit. For a deeper look at one unit, open its test review.

Unit test reviews

  1. Unit 1. Les bases: Sounds, Nouns and the Present Tense
  2. Unit 2. Décrire: Describing People, Places and Things
  3. Unit 3. Raconter: Past, Present and Future
  4. Unit 4. Communiquer: Pronouns, Commands and Connecting Ideas
  5. Unit 5. La francophonie and Real-World Texts

Practice exam

35 questions, the same number from each unit. Each one shows the lesson it comes from.

  1. Unit 1: Sounds, Accents and Linking Words
    1
    Which word means where?
  2. Unit 1: Nouns, Gender and Articles
    2
    Choose the article: Le matin, je mange ___ pain. (In the morning I eat bread.)
  3. Unit 1: The Present Tense: Regular Verbs
    3
    Nous ___ nos devoirs avant le souper. (finir)
  4. Unit 1: The Present Tense: Essential Irregular Verbs
    4
    Qu'est-ce que vous ___ ce week-end? (faire)
  5. Unit 1: The Present Tense: Essential Irregular Verbs
    5
    Put the words in order: 'We want to see the film.'
    1. 1voulons
    2. 2le film
    3. 3voir
    4. 4Nous
  6. Unit 1: Expressions with Avoir and Verbs with À and De
    6
    Put the words in order: 'I have a headache.'
    1. 1mal
    2. 2tête
    3. 3à la
    4. 4J'ai
  7. Unit 1: Asking Questions and Saying No
    7
    Put the words in order: 'He never watches TV.'
    1. 1la télé
    2. 2jamais
    3. 3regarde
    4. 4Il
    5. 5ne
  8. Unit 2: Adjective Agreement and Placement
    8
    What is the feminine singular form of heureux (happy)?
  9. Unit 2: Adjective Agreement and Placement
    9
    Put the steps for describing a noun with an adjective in the order this lesson's worked examples use.
    1. 1Write the article, noun and adjective in order
    2. 2Check for bel, nouvel or vieil before a masculine vowel sound
    3. 3Add the right ending: -e, -s, -es or a special pattern
    4. 4Find the noun's gender and number
    5. 5Decide whether the adjective is a BAGS adjective (before) or not (after)
  10. Unit 2: Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives
    10
    Match each English phrase to its French translation.
    my books
    your school (talking to a friend)
    their car
    our friends
    his sister
  11. Unit 2: Comparing with Plus, Moins, Aussi and Meilleur
    11
    How do you say the most interesting book?
  12. Unit 2: Describing Where Things Are
    12
    Complete: Le restaurant est près ___ banque. (banque is feminine.)
  13. Unit 2: Daily Routine: Reflexive Verbs and Telling Time
    13
    Je ___ lève à sept heures.
  14. Unit 2: Daily Routine: Reflexive Verbs and Telling Time
    14
    Put Karim's day in a logical order.
    1. 1Je me couche.
    2. 2Je m'habille.
    3. 3Je m'endors.
    4. 4Je me réveille.
    5. 5Je me lève.
    6. 6Je me douche.
  15. Unit 3: The Passé Composé with Avoir
    15
    What is the past participle of prendre?
  16. Unit 3: The Passé Composé with Avoir
    16
    Write the passé composé of attendre (auxiliary + participle): Tu ___ le bus pendant vingt minutes.
  17. Unit 3: The Passé Composé with Être
    17
    A girl is speaking. Write the passé composé of rester (auxiliary + participle): Hier, je ___ à la maison.
  18. Unit 3: The Imparfait: Describing the Past
    18
    Write the imparfait of manger for ils: Le soir, ils ___ en famille.
  19. Unit 3: Talking About the Future
    19
    Write the futur simple of être for je: L'été prochain, je ___ moniteur de camp.
  20. Unit 3: Time Markers, Sequencing and Si Clauses
    20
    What does Je suis rentré il y a deux heures mean?
  21. Unit 3: Time Markers, Sequencing and Si Clauses
    21
    How do you say I'll be ready in ten minutes (ten minutes from now)?
  22. Unit 4: Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
    22
    Replace the object with a pronoun: Je regarde la télé.
  23. Unit 4: Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
    23
    Put the words in order: I didn't talk to her. (passé composé)
    1. 1pas
    2. 2ai
    3. 3parlé
    4. 4Je
    5. 5ne
    6. 6lui
  24. Unit 4: The Pronouns Y and En
    24
    Fill in the pronoun: Il a mangé beaucoup de frites. → Il ___ a mangé beaucoup.
  25. Unit 4: Giving Instructions: The Impératif
    25
    How do you say Look at it! to a friend (le tableau)?
  26. Unit 4: Linking Ideas: Qui, Que and Connectors
    26
    Fill in qui or que: C'est le garçon ___ joue au soccer avec moi.
  27. Unit 4: Politeness and Register: Tu, Vous and Je voudrais
    27
    Which person would you normally address with vous when you speak to them alone?
  28. Unit 4: Politeness and Register: Tu, Vous and Je voudrais
    28
    Put the parts of a polite email in order.
    1. 1Cordialement,
    2. 2Je vous remercie de votre temps.
    3. 3J'aimerais travailler dans votre épicerie cet été.
    4. 4Bonjour Madame Tremblay,
    5. 5Je m'appelle Ana Silva et j'ai quinze ans.
  29. Unit 5: French-Speaking Africa
    29
    What is the capital of Senegal?
  30. Unit 5: French-Speaking Africa
    30
    Put these events in chronological order, earliest first.
    1. 1Abidjan hosts the Jeux de la Francophonie (2017)
    2. 2Ottawa and Hull host the Jeux de la Francophonie (2001)
    3. 3Leaders meet in Niamey to found the agency that became the OIF (1970)
    4. 4France begins its rule of Algeria (1830)
    5. 5Senegal becomes independent, with Senghor as president (1960)
  31. Unit 5: French in Asia, the Middle East and the Indian Ocean
    31
    Complete with the nationality adjective for a girl from Vietnam: Linh est ___.
  32. Unit 5: Reading Real Texts: Forms, Features and Schedules
    32
    How is the price forty-five dollars and fifty cents written on a French-Canadian price tag?
  33. Unit 5: Writing in French: From Ideas to a Polished Paragraph
    33
    You are writing to your city council to ask for a new skate park. What is your main purpose?
  34. Unit 5: Cracking New Words: Cognates, Faux Amis and Word Families
    34
    What is une librairie?
  35. Unit 5: Cracking New Words: Cognates, Faux Amis and Word Families
    35
    Using prefix, root and suffix, what does inoubliable mean?

Key facts by unit

Unit 1: Les bases: Sounds, Nouns and the Present Tense

Sounds, Accents and Linking Words

  • Accents are part of the spelling: é = 'ay', è and ê = 'eh', ç = soft 's' before a, o, u, and the tréma (ë, ï) splits two vowels.
  • Accents tell twins apart: a (has) / à (to, at), ou (or) / où (where), la (the) / là (there).
  • Final consonants are usually silent, except often c, r, f, l (CaReFuL) — but -er endings sound like 'ay'.
  • Liaison: a silent final consonant is pronounced before a vowel sound (les amis, nous avons), never after et or before an h aspiré.
  • Elision: le, la, je, ne, de, que, me, te, se drop their vowel before a vowel or silent h (l'école, j'aime); si elides only before il/ils.

Nouns, Gender and Articles

  • Every noun is masculine or feminine: learn it with un or une. Endings help: -tion, -té, -ure, -ée are usually feminine; -ment, -age, -eau, -isme usually masculine.
  • Definite le, la, l', les = 'the' and things in general, including after aimer, adorer, préférer, détester.
  • Partitive du, de la, de l', des = 'some / any' amount: Je bois de l'eau.
  • After a negative, un, une, des, du, de la, de l' become de / d': Je n'ai pas de frère. The definite article does not change: Je n'aime pas le lait.
  • After a quantity (beaucoup, un peu, assez, trop, peu, combien) or a container, use de / d' alone: beaucoup d'amis, un verre de lait.

The Present Tense: Regular Verbs

  • Recipe: remove -er / -ir / -re to get the stem, then add the ending for the subject.
  • -er: e, es, e, ons, ez, ent (je parle, nous parlons, ils parlent).
  • -ir (finir type): is, is, it, issons, issez, issent (nous finissons, ils finissent).
  • -re (vendre type): s, s, —, ons, ez, ent (il vend, ils vendent).
  • One present tense covers 'I play', 'I am playing' and 'I do play'; never use être + verb for '-ing'.
  • On takes the il form and often means 'we'; ils covers mixed groups.

The Present Tense: Essential Irregular Verbs

  • être: suis, es, est, sommes, êtes, sont. avoir: ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont. aller: vais, vas, va, allons, allez, vont. faire: fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font.
  • Only four common ils forms end in -ont: sont, ont, vont, font. Only three common vous forms end in -tes: êtes, faites, dites.
  • Boot verbs change stem in je, tu, il, ils but not nous, vous: prends / prenons / prennent, viens / venons / viennent, veux / voulons / veulent.
  • After vouloir, pouvoir, savoir and aller, the second verb stays in the infinitive: Je peux venir.
  • Savoir + infinitive = a learned skill (Je sais nager); pouvoir = able or allowed (Je peux sortir ce soir).

Expressions with Avoir and Verbs with À and De

  • Physical states use avoir: avoir faim, soif, chaud, froid, sommeil, peur, raison, tort; age is avoir … ans.
  • avoir besoin de (to need), avoir envie de (to feel like), avoir mal à (to hurt), avoir hâte de (to look forward to).
  • à + le = au, à + les = aux, de + le = du, de + les = des; la and l' never merge.
  • jouer à + sport or game (au hockey); jouer de + instrument (du piano); faire de + activity (du vélo).
  • assister à = to attend; répondre à, ressembler à, penser à; essayer de + infinitive. Écouter, regarder, chercher, attendre take no preposition.

Asking Questions and Saying No

  • Yes/no questions: rising intonation (Tu viens?), est-ce que (Est-ce que tu viens?), or inversion (Viens-tu?).
  • Question word + est-ce que + subject + verb: Où est-ce que tu habites? 'What' at the start = qu'est-ce que.
  • Negation wraps the conjugated verb: ne (n') before, pas / jamais / plus / rien / personne / pas encore after.
  • With a helper verb, wrap the helper: Je n'ai pas mangé, Je n'ai rien vu — but personne goes after the participle: Je n'ai vu personne.
  • Answer si (not oui) to contradict a negative question.
Unit 2: Décrire: Describing People, Places and Things

Adjective Agreement and Placement

  • An adjective agrees with its noun in gender and number: add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural (petit, petite, petits, petites).
  • An adjective that already ends in an unaccented -e does not change in the feminine: jeune, rouge, facile, sympathique.
  • Special feminines: -eux → -euse, -if → -ive, -en → -enne, -on → -onne, -el → -elle, -er → -ère; plurals: -s/-x stay the same, -eau → -eaux, -al → -aux.
  • Most adjectives go after the noun; BAGS adjectives (beauty, age, goodness, size) go before it: une voiture rouge but une petite voiture.
  • Before a masculine singular noun starting with a vowel or silent h: bel, nouvel, vieil (un bel arbre, un nouvel ami, un vieil hôtel).
  • A group that includes at least one masculine noun takes the masculine plural: Paul et Julie sont contents.

Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives

  • Possessives: mon/ma/mes, ton/ta/tes, son/sa/ses, notre/nos, votre/vos, leur/leurs.
  • A possessive agrees with the thing owned, not the owner: son vélo = his bike or her bike; sa maison = his house or her house.
  • Before a feminine noun starting with a vowel sound, use mon, ton, son: mon amie, ton école, son histoire.
  • Demonstratives: ce (m.), cet (m. before a vowel or silent h), cette (f.), ces (plural). Add -ci / -là to contrast this and that.
  • No apostrophe s in French: le sac de Karim, le chien du voisin. À qui est ce sac ? — Il est à Karim.

Comparing with Plus, Moins, Aussi and Meilleur

  • plus / moins / aussi + adjective + que = more … than / less … than / as … as. The adjective agrees with the first noun: Léa est plus grande que Marc.
  • After que, use stress pronouns: moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles — plus grand que moi.
  • Superlative: le / la / les plus (or moins) + adjective. If the adjective follows the noun, repeat the article: le film le plus intéressant. In after a superlative = de: la plus grande ville du Canada.
  • bon → meilleur → le meilleur (agrees like an adjective); bien → mieux → le mieux (never changes). Never plus bon or plus bien.
  • With nouns, use plus de / moins de / autant de + noun: J'ai plus de devoirs que toi.

Describing Where Things Are

  • Single-word prepositions go straight before the noun: sur (on), sous (under), dans (in), devant (in front of), derrière (behind), entre … et (between), contre (against).
  • Prepositions ending in de — à côté de, en face de, près de, loin de, au-dessus de, à gauche de, à droite de — contract: de + le = du, de + les = des.
  • Il y a = there is and there are. Negative: il n'y a pas de + noun (il n'y a pas de télé).
  • devant / derrière describe place; avant / après describe time.
  • Set phrases: par terre (on the floor), sur l'étagère (on the shelf), contre le mur (against the wall).

Daily Routine: Reflexive Verbs and Telling Time

  • Reflexive pronouns: me, te, se, nous, vous, se. They match the subject and go right before the verb: je me lève, nous nous levons.
  • me, te, se become m', t', s' before a vowel or silent h: je m'habille, il s'appelle.
  • Negative: ne + pronoun + verb + pas: Je ne me lève pas. With an infinitive, the pronoun matches the subject: Nous allons nous coucher.
  • With body parts use le, la, les: Je me brosse les dents.
  • Time: Il est … heure(s); et quart, et demie, moins le quart, moins + minutes; à + time = at. The 24-hour clock counts minutes forward only: 20 h 45 = vingt heures quarante-cinq.
Unit 3: Raconter: Past, Present and Future

The Passé Composé with Avoir

  • Passé composé = subject + avoir in the présent (ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont) + past participle: j'ai parlé.
  • Regular participles: -er → -é (parlé), -ir → -i (fini), -re → -u (vendu).
  • Key irregulars: eu, été, fait, pris, mis, vu, lu, bu, dit, écrit, pu, voulu, dû, su, reçu, ouvert.
  • With avoir, the participle does not agree with the subject: elles ont fini, not elles ont finies.
  • Ne … pas goes around the auxiliary: je n'ai pas vu. Short adverbs sit between auxiliary and participle: j'ai déjà mangé.
  • One French form covers three English ones: j'ai mangé = I ate / I have eaten / I did eat.

The Passé Composé with Être

  • The house verbs use être: aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, monter, descendre, naître, mourir, rester, tomber, retourner, rentrer, devenir, revenir.
  • Every reflexive verb uses être: je me suis levé(e), elle s'est amusée.
  • With être, the participle agrees with the subject: add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural; a mixed group is masculine plural.
  • Participles to watch in this group: né (naître), mort (mourir) and venu, devenu, revenu (the venir family); descendre is regular: descendu.
  • Ne … pas wraps the auxiliary (and any reflexive pronoun): elle n'est pas venue, je ne me suis pas levé.

The Imparfait: Describing the Past

  • Imparfait stem = nous form of the présent minus -ons: nous finissons → finiss-.
  • Endings for every verb: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
  • The only irregular stem is être → ét-: j'étais, nous étions.
  • Use it for description (il faisait froid), states and feelings (j'avais peur), habits (je jouais au soccer le samedi) and actions in progress (je lisais).
  • Mangeais keeps the e and commençais keeps the ç before a; étudier gives nous étudiions.

Talking About the Future

  • Futur proche = aller (présent) + infinitive: je vais travailler. Negative: je ne vais pas travailler.
  • Futur simple = infinitive + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont; -re verbs drop the final e: je vendrai.
  • Key irregular stems: ser- (être), aur- (avoir), ir- (aller), fer- (faire), viendr- (venir), verr- (voir), pourr- (pouvoir), voudr- (vouloir), saur- (savoir), devr- (devoir).
  • Every future stem ends in r.
  • After quand about the future, use the future: Quand j'aurai seize ans, je travaillerai.
  • Jobs: gardien(ne) d'enfants, caissier/caissière, livreur/livreuse; qualities: disponible, responsable, débrouillard(e), honnête.

Time Markers, Sequencing and Si Clauses

  • Past markers: hier, avant-hier, la semaine passée/dernière, l'année passée/dernière, il y a + time (ago). Future markers: demain, après-demain, la semaine prochaine, dans + time (from now).
  • Il y a deux jours = two days ago; dans deux jours = in two days (from now); en deux jours = within two days (how long it takes).
  • In a story about another day, use le lendemain (the next day) and la veille (the day before), not demain and hier.
  • Sequence a story with d'abord, ensuite, puis, après, enfin.
  • Real condition: si + présent → futur simple: S'il pleut, je resterai à la maison. Never put the futur right after a condition si.
  • Si elides only before il and ils: s'il, s'ils, but si elle, si on.
Unit 4: Communiquer: Pronouns, Commands and Connecting Ideas

Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns

  • Direct object pronouns: me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les (m', t', l' before a vowel). They replace a noun with no preposition before it.
  • Indirect object pronouns: me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur. They replace à + a person. Lui = to him or to her.
  • The pronoun goes in front of the conjugated verb: Je la regarde. Je ne la regarde pas.
  • Passé composé: in front of the auxiliary: Je l'ai vu. Je lui ai parlé. Je ne l'ai pas vu.
  • Aller + infinitive: in front of the infinitive: Je vais le voir. Je ne vais pas le voir.
  • Follow the French verb: écouter, regarder, attendre, chercher take a direct object; téléphoner à, répondre à, parler à take an indirect one.

The Pronouns Y and En

  • Y replaces a place (à, au, en, dans, chez + place) and means there: Je vais à Toronto → J'y vais.
  • Y also replaces à + a thing or idea: Je pense à l'examen → J'y pense. For à + a person, use lui / leur.
  • En replaces de + noun, including du, de la, de l', des: Tu veux du pain ? → Oui, j'en veux.
  • With a number or quantity, en replaces the noun and the quantity stays after the verb: J'en ai deux. Elle en mange beaucoup.
  • Y and en go in the same place as other object pronouns: Je n'y vais pas. J'en ai mangé. Je vais y aller.

Giving Instructions: The Impératif

  • The impératif has three forms — tu, nous, vous — taken from the present tense without the subject: finis, finissons, finissez.
  • -er verbs (and aller) drop the -s in the tu form: tu manges → Mange !, tu vas → Va ! (but Vas-y !).
  • Irregular forms: être → sois, soyons, soyez; avoir → aie, ayons, ayez; savoir → sache, sachons, sachez.
  • The nous form means let's: Allons au parc ! (Let's go to the park!)
  • Negative: ne + verb + pas, pronoun before the verb: Ne le touche pas !
  • Affirmative: pronoun after the verb with a hyphen; me / te become moi / toi: Écoute-moi ! Lève-toi !

Linking Ideas: Qui, Que and Connectors

  • Qui = subject of the next verb, so it is followed directly by a verb: l'amie qui habite à Moncton.
  • Que = object, so it is followed by a subject + verb: le livre que j'adore. Que → qu' before a vowel; qui never elides.
  • Both qui and que work for people and things, and que can never be left out the way English drops that.
  • Cause: parce que (speech, can start a sentence) and car (written, mid-sentence). Result: donc.
  • Contrast: mais, cependant (however), pourtant (yet, even so). Addition: et, d'ailleurs, ainsi que.
  • En effet = indeed (confirms); en fait = actually (corrects).

Politeness and Register: Tu, Vous and Je voudrais

  • Tu: one friend, classmate, family member, child or pet. Vous: an adult you don't know well, anyone in a formal situation, and any group.
  • When in doubt, use vous and wait for On peut se tutoyer ? Canadian French uses tu more widely than France.
  • Soften requests with je voudrais, j'aimerais, pourriez-vous / pourrais-tu, and s'il vous plaît / s'il te plaît. Je veux sounds demanding to strangers.
  • À tout à l'heure = later today; à tout de suite = in a moment; à bientôt = soon; à la prochaine = until next time.
  • Merci → de rien / pas de quoi (casual), je vous en prie (polite), bienvenue (Québec). Je suis désolé(e) → Ce n'est pas grave.
Unit 5: La francophonie and Real-World Texts

French-Speaking Africa

  • French spread in Africa through French and Belgian colonial rule; most countries became independent around 1960 and many kept French as an official language for government and schools.
  • French usually lives alongside African languages (Wolof, Lingala, Kinyarwanda, Malagasy, Arabic, Tamazight): most people are multilingual.
  • In the Maghreb (Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie) French is widely used but not official; in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger it is now a working language.
  • Léopold Sédar Senghor: poet, first president of Senegal (1960–1980), co-founder of la Négritude and one of the founders of la Francophonie.
  • To / in a place: à + city, en + feminine country, au + masculine country, aux + plural country. From: de / d', du, des.

French in Asia, the Middle East and the Indian Ocean

  • Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia formed French Indochina until 1953–1954; today French survives mostly among older people, in some schools and in traces like the bánh mì and cà phê.
  • Lebanon (le Liban): French mandate 1920–1943. Arabic is official; French is widely used, and many people speak Arabic, French and English.
  • Indian Ocean: French is official in the Seychelles and La Réunion (part of France); Mauritius names no official language, but English and French are both used.
  • The OIF began in Niamey in 1970; its leaders meet at the Sommet de la Francophonie, and 20 mars is the Journée internationale de la Francophonie. Canada, Québec and New Brunswick all belong.
  • Masculine countries take au / du (au Vietnam, au Cambodge, du Liban); aux for plurals (aux Seychelles); à for cities and islands without an article (à Beyrouth, à Maurice).

Reading Real Texts: Forms, Features and Schedules

  • Each text form has a layout: an invitation answers Qui ? Quoi ? Où ? Quand ? plus R.S.V.P.; an ad shows a slogan, commands, prices and a deadline; an email has an Objet line, a greeting and a closing.
  • 24-hour clock: 13 h 40 = treize heures quarante = 1:40 p.m. Subtract 12 for afternoon and evening hours.
  • Durée = arrivée − départ. Count up to the next full hour, add the whole hours, then the leftover minutes; an hour has 60 minutes.
  • Prices: a comma for cents, a space for thousands, the dollar sign after the number: forty-five dollars fifty is written 45,50 then the sign, and read quarante-cinq dollars cinquante.
  • Deux cents but deux cent cinquante; mille never takes -s (deux mille).
  • Informal email: Salut ... À bientôt, tu. Formal: Bonjour Madame / Madame, Monsieur ... Cordialement, vous.

Writing in French: From Ideas to a Polished Paragraph

  • Five stages: planifier, rédiger un brouillon, réviser, corriger, publier — and go back as often as needed.
  • Before writing, decide your purpose (informer, raconter, décrire, convaincre, divertir) and your audience (tu or vous).
  • Opinion openers: À mon avis, Selon moi, Personnellement, Pour ma part, Quant à moi, followed by a comma and your sentence (no que).
  • Il est important de + infinitive (d' before a vowel); il faut + infinitive; je pense / je crois que + sentence.
  • Paragraph: opinion sentence → arguments with examples (D'abord, De plus) → the other side (Par contre, Cependant) → conclusion (Pour conclure, En résumé).
  • Réviser = improve the ideas and organisation; corriger = fix agreement, accents, verb tenses and spelling.

Cracking New Words: Cognates, Faux Amis and Word Families

  • Cognates (mots apparentés) share a root and a meaning: la nation, la musique, important. Patterns: é- = s- (école), circumflex = lost s (forêt), -eux = -ous, -té = -ty.
  • Faux amis: librairie = bookstore, assister à = attend, attendre = wait for, actuellement = currently, sensible = sensitive, rester = stay.
  • Prefixes: re- (again, back), dé- / dés- (undo), in- / im- / il- / ir- (not), pré- (before).
  • Suffixes: -tion (feminine nouns), -ment (adverb from the feminine adjective: lentement), -eur / -euse (a person), -té (= -ty).
  • Unknown word? Ask what kind of word it is (verb, noun, adjective) and what would make sense in context before reaching for the dictionary.
  • Dictionary: check the part of speech and gender (n.m., n.f., v.), read all meanings and examples, and check backwards.