English gets by with two little words: you live in Canada, you go to Paris, you come from Japan. French makes you choose among à, en, au, aux for in / to and de, d', du, des for from — and the choice is not random. It depends on the article the place name normally carries: Paris has none, la France is feminine, le Canada is masculine, les États-Unis is plural. In Grade 9 you used the common cases (à Paris, au Canada, en France). Grade 10 asks for precision: every kind of place, the from forms, the names that break the pattern, and the Canadian provinces you will actually talk about. You need this every time you describe a trip, say where your family comes from, write about the francophonie or fill in a form that asks Où habitez-vous? (Where do you live?)
| Kind of place | Name with its article | In / to | From | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| City | Paris, Toronto, Ottawa (no article) | à | de / d' | Je vais à Paris. · Elle vient d'Ottawa. |
| Feminine country, province or continent | la France, la Chine, l'Italie, l'Afrique | en | de / d' | en France, en Afrique · de France, d'Italie |
| Masculine, starting with a vowel | l'Iran, l'Ontario | en | d' (often de l' for provinces) | en Iran, en Ontario · d'Iran |
| Masculine country or province | le Canada, le Japon, le Sénégal | au | du | au Japon · du Japon |
| Plural | les États-Unis, les Pays-Bas, les Philippines | aux | des | aux États-Unis · des Pays-Bas |
| Island used without an article | Madagascar, Cuba, Maurice | à | de / d' | à Cuba · de Madagascar |
Step 1: say the name with its article
Canada: provinces and territories
| Province or territory | Name with its article | In / to | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ontario | l'Ontario (m) | en Ontario | masculine, but starts with a vowel |
| Québec (the province) | le Québec (m) | au Québec | masculine |
| Nouveau-Brunswick | le Nouveau-Brunswick (m) | au Nouveau-Brunswick | masculine |
| Manitoba | le Manitoba (m) | au Manitoba | masculine |
| Nouvelle-Écosse | la Nouvelle-Écosse (f) | en Nouvelle-Écosse | feminine |
| Colombie-Britannique | la Colombie-Britannique (f) | en Colombie-Britannique | feminine |
| Alberta | l'Alberta (f) | en Alberta | feminine, starts with a vowel |
| Saskatchewan | la Saskatchewan (f) | en Saskatchewan | feminine |
| Île-du-Prince-Édouard | l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard (f) | à l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard | an island: à plus the article l' |
| Yukon, Nunavut | le Yukon, le Nunavut (m) | au Yukon, au Nunavut | masculine |
Cities with an article, islands and regions
- Cities whose name includes an article keep it, and le still contracts: le Caire → au Caire (in Cairo), du Caire; le Havre → au Havre. With la, nothing contracts: à La Nouvelle-Orléans (in New Orleans).
- Islands used without an article work like cities: à Madagascar, à Cuba, à Maurice, à Tahiti; from: de Madagascar, de Cuba.
- Haïti is used without an article, and both à Haïti and en Haïti are possible, though en Haïti is by far the more common. Either one is acceptable in your writing.
- Islands and regions that carry an article vary more in usage: en Martinique and à la Martinique are both heard, and La Réunion usually takes à: à La Réunion. Other places follow the main rule: en Guyane (on the South American mainland) and en Nouvelle-Calédonie (an archipelago in the Pacific).
- American states follow the country rule: feminine la Californie, la Floride → en Californie, en Floride; masculine le Texas, le Colorado → au Texas, au Colorado.
- Part of a place takes dans + article: dans le nord de l'Ontario (in northern Ontario), dans le sud de la France (in the south of France).
- Je vais à Montréal. — I'm going to Montréal.
- Elle habite en Belgique. — She lives in Belgium.
- Nous travaillons en Ontario. — We work in Ontario.
- Ils sont au Sénégal. — They are in Senegal.
- Tu pars aux États-Unis? — Are you leaving for the United States?
- Je viens de Montréal. — I come from Montréal.
- Elle revient de Belgique. — She is coming back from Belgium.
- Mon père vient d'Iran. — My father comes from Iran.
- Ils arrivent du Sénégal. — They are arriving from Senegal.
- Tu reviens des États-Unis? — Are you coming back from the United States?
Translation: This summer, my family and I took a big trip. We left from Toronto on July 2. First we went to Québec: three days in Québec City to visit the old town, then two days in Montréal. Then we flew to France, to my cousins' place in Lyon. My cousin Inès was coming back from Morocco, and my uncle had just come back from the United States: at dinner we talked about three continents! Next year I would like to go to Senegal or to Madagascar. And you, where do you dream of going? Look at how each preposition matches its place: au Québec (the province, le Québec) but à Québec (the city), en France (feminine), du Maroc (masculine), des États-Unis (plural), à Madagascar (an island with no article).