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Lesson 1 of 5La francophonie mondiale and Media Texts
Unit 5 · Lesson 1 of 5

Prepositions with Places

To say where you are, where you are going and where you come from, French chooses à, en, au or aux (and de, d', du or des) according to the place's article: its gender, its number and its first sound. This lesson gives the full rule set, the exceptions that trap anglophones, and Canada's provinces.

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Key things to remember

  1. 1Say the name with its article first. No article → à / de; la, l' (feminine) → en / de; le → au / du; les → aux / des.
  2. 2Masculine names starting with a vowel take en too: en Iran, en Ontario.
  3. 3Most names ending in -e are feminine, but le Mexique, le Cambodge, le Mozambique, le Zimbabwe are masculine: au Mexique, du Cambodge.
  4. 4Islands used without an article work like cities: à Madagascar, à Cuba, à Maurice.
  5. 5Canada: en Ontario, au Québec (province) vs à Québec (city), au Manitoba, au Nouveau-Brunswick, en Nouvelle-Écosse, en Colombie-Britannique, en Alberta, en Saskatchewan.

English gets by with two little words: you live in Canada, you go to Paris, you come from Japan. French makes you choose among à, en, au, aux for in / to and de, d', du, des for from — and the choice is not random. It depends on the article the place name normally carries: Paris has none, la France is feminine, le Canada is masculine, les États-Unis is plural. In Grade 9 you used the common cases (à Paris, au Canada, en France). Grade 10 asks for precision: every kind of place, the from forms, the names that break the pattern, and the Canadian provinces you will actually talk about. You need this every time you describe a trip, say where your family comes from, write about the francophonie or fill in a form that asks Où habitez-vous? (Where do you live?)

Kind of placeName with its articleIn / toFromExamples
CityParis, Toronto, Ottawa (no article)àde / d'Je vais à Paris. · Elle vient d'Ottawa.
Feminine country, province or continentla France, la Chine, l'Italie, l'Afriqueende / d'en France, en Afrique · de France, d'Italie
Masculine, starting with a vowell'Iran, l'Ontarioend' (often de l' for provinces)en Iran, en Ontario · d'Iran
Masculine country or provincele Canada, le Japon, le Sénégalauduau Japon · du Japon
Pluralles États-Unis, les Pays-Bas, les Philippinesauxdesaux États-Unis · des Pays-Bas
Island used without an articleMadagascar, Cuba, Mauriceàde / d'à Cuba · de Madagascar
In / to (with aller, être, habiter, travailler) and from (with venir, revenir, arriver). The table is driven by one question: what article does the name carry?

Step 1: say the name with its article

The article test
Before you choose a preposition, say the name with its article in your head. No article (a city, many islands) → à / de. la or l' for a feminine name → en / de. l' for a masculine name → en as well, because au cannot sit before a vowel sound. le → au / du, which are simply à + le and de + le fused together. les → aux / des (à + les, de + les). So au Canada is really à le Canada contracted, exactly like au cinéma. To guess the gender of a country, use the ending: most names that end in -e are feminine (la Belgique, la Tunisie, la Suisse, la Chine), and most others are masculine (le Brésil, le Maroc, le Portugal, le Liban).
The -e trap: masculine countries that end in -e
A handful of countries end in -e but are masculine: le Mexique, le Cambodge, le Mozambique, le Zimbabwe. They follow the masculine rule: J'ai passé une semaine au Mexique. Mon ami vient du Cambodge. Ils travaillent au Mozambique. Learn these four common ones as a list (le Belize and le Suriname follow the same pattern); en Mexique is one of the most common errors anglophones make.
To, in or from a place: the article decidesKind of placeto / in(aller, être)from(venir)Examples: to / in · fromCityno articleàde / d'à Toronto, à Québec (the city)de Montréal, d'OttawaFeminine country or provincealso continents; most end in -eende / d'en France, en Chine, en Afriquede France, de Chine, d'ItalieMasculine, starting with a vowell'Iran, l'Ontarioend'en Iran, en Israël, en Ontariod'Iran, d'IsraëlMasculine country or provincele Canada, le Québecauduau Canada, au Sénégal, au Québecdu Canada, du Japon, du QuébecPluralles États-Unisauxdesaux États-Unis, aux Pays-Basdes États-Unis, des AntillesTrap: masculine, yet ends in -ele Mexique, le Cambodge…auduau Mexique, au Mozambiquedu Mexique, du Cambodge, du ZimbabweMany islandsusually no articleàde / d'à Madagascar, à Cuba, à MauriceHaïti: à Haïti and en Haïti are both usedHow to decide: say the name with its article first.le Canada → au · la France → en · les États-Unis → aux · l'Ontario (vowel) → enSame name, two places: au Québec (the province) vs à Québec (the city).
Fig 1To, in or from a place: each row is one kind of place name, with its preposition for going or being there and for coming from there. Say the name with its article first; the article decides.

Canada: provinces and territories

Province or territoryName with its articleIn / toWhy
Ontariol'Ontario (m)en Ontariomasculine, but starts with a vowel
Québec (the province)le Québec (m)au Québecmasculine
Nouveau-Brunswickle Nouveau-Brunswick (m)au Nouveau-Brunswickmasculine
Manitobale Manitoba (m)au Manitobamasculine
Nouvelle-Écossela Nouvelle-Écosse (f)en Nouvelle-Écossefeminine
Colombie-Britanniquela Colombie-Britannique (f)en Colombie-Britanniquefeminine
Albertal'Alberta (f)en Albertafeminine, starts with a vowel
Saskatchewanla Saskatchewan (f)en Saskatchewanfeminine
Île-du-Prince-Édouardl'Île-du-Prince-Édouard (f)à l'Île-du-Prince-Édouardan island: à plus the article l'
Yukon, Nunavutle Yukon, le Nunavut (m)au Yukon, au Nunavutmasculine
For from, the masculine names take du: du Québec, du Manitoba, du Nouveau-Brunswick. With feminine names and names that start with a vowel, Canadians say both de and de la or de l' (de Nouvelle-Écosse or de la Nouvelle-Écosse, d'Ontario or de l'Ontario).
Québec: one name, two places
Québec is both a province and its capital city, and the preposition tells you which one is meant. au Québec = in the province (masculine name, le Québec): Il y a beaucoup de lacs au Québec. à Québec = in the city (a city takes à): Le Carnaval a lieu à Québec en février. When you give a full address, go from small to large: J'habite à Sudbury, en Ontario. Ma tante habite à Moncton, au Nouveau-Brunswick.

Cities with an article, islands and regions

  • Cities whose name includes an article keep it, and le still contracts: le Caire → au Caire (in Cairo), du Caire; le Havre → au Havre. With la, nothing contracts: à La Nouvelle-Orléans (in New Orleans).
  • Islands used without an article work like cities: à Madagascar, à Cuba, à Maurice, à Tahiti; from: de Madagascar, de Cuba.
  • Haïti is used without an article, and both à Haïti and en Haïti are possible, though en Haïti is by far the more common. Either one is acceptable in your writing.
  • Islands and regions that carry an article vary more in usage: en Martinique and à la Martinique are both heard, and La Réunion usually takes à: à La Réunion. Other places follow the main rule: en Guyane (on the South American mainland) and en Nouvelle-Calédonie (an archipelago in the Pacific).
  • American states follow the country rule: feminine la Californie, la Floride → en Californie, en Floride; masculine le Texas, le Colorado → au Texas, au Colorado.
  • Part of a place takes dans + article: dans le nord de l'Ontario (in northern Ontario), dans le sud de la France (in the south of France).
AIn / to: à, en, au, aux
  • Je vais à Montréal. — I'm going to Montréal.
  • Elle habite en Belgique. — She lives in Belgium.
  • Nous travaillons en Ontario. — We work in Ontario.
  • Ils sont au Sénégal. — They are in Senegal.
  • Tu pars aux États-Unis? — Are you leaving for the United States?
BFrom: de, d', du, des
  • Je viens de Montréal. — I come from Montréal.
  • Elle revient de Belgique. — She is coming back from Belgium.
  • Mon père vient d'Iran. — My father comes from Iran.
  • Ils arrivent du Sénégal. — They are arriving from Senegal.
  • Tu reviens des États-Unis? — Are you coming back from the United States?
Replace the place with y or en
Once a place has been named, a pronoun replaces the whole prepositional phrase. y replaces à / en / au / aux + place (there): Tu vas au Sénégal? — Oui, j'y vais en juillet. en replaces de / d' / du / des + place (from there): Tu reviens du Japon? — Oui, j'en reviens. The preposition tells you which pronoun you need.
In context: a travel blog post
Cet été, ma famille et moi avons fait un grand voyage. Nous sommes partis de Toronto le 2 juillet. D'abord, nous sommes allés au Québec: trois jours à Québec pour visiter la vieille ville, puis deux jours à Montréal. Ensuite, nous avons pris l'avion pour aller en France, chez mes cousins qui habitent à Lyon. Ma cousine Inès revenait du Maroc, et mon oncle venait de rentrer des États-Unis: à table, on a parlé de trois continents! L'année prochaine, j'aimerais aller au Sénégal ou à Madagascar. Et vous, où rêvez-vous d'aller?

Translation: This summer, my family and I took a big trip. We left from Toronto on July 2. First we went to Québec: three days in Québec City to visit the old town, then two days in Montréal. Then we flew to France, to my cousins' place in Lyon. My cousin Inès was coming back from Morocco, and my uncle had just come back from the United States: at dinner we talked about three continents! Next year I would like to go to Senegal or to Madagascar. And you, where do you dream of going? Look at how each preposition matches its place: au Québec (the province, le Québec) but à Québec (the city), en France (feminine), du Maroc (masculine), des États-Unis (plural), à Madagascar (an island with no article).

Worked examples

Reveal one step at a time and try to beat it to the next line.

Example 1
Translate: My grandparents live in Mexico.
Example 2
Translate: She comes from the Netherlands, but she works in Ontario.
Example 3
Translate: We are going to Québec City for a weekend, then to New Brunswick.
Example 4
Translate: My friend (a boy) comes from Italy and lives in Vancouver, in British Columbia.

Where marks get lost

  • Using à for countries: Je vais à France, j'habite à Canada. À alone is for cities and islands without an article: en France, au Canada.
  • Writing en Mexique or en Cambodge. These names end in -e but are masculine: au Mexique, au Cambodge.
  • Writing au Ontario. Au cannot go before a vowel sound; masculine names that start with a vowel take en: en Ontario.
  • Keeping the article for a feminine country of origin: Je viens de la France. For where you come from, a feminine country drops its article: Je viens de France (but du Canada for a masculine one).
  • Mixing up the province and the city: J'habite à Québec means Québec City. For the province, write au Québec.

Flashcards 9

in / to + city
in / to + feminine country
in / to + masculine country
in / to + plural country
+ 5 more

Practice

1
Choose the correct preposition: J'habite ___ Ontario.
2
Fill in the preposition: Mes cousins habitent ___ Mexique.
3
Fill in the preposition meaning from: Elle vient ___ Japon.
4
Fill in the preposition: Nous partons en vacances ___ États-Unis.
5
Fill in the preposition: Il est né ___ Madagascar.
6
Which sentence talks about the city, not the province?
7
Match each English phrase to its French equivalent.
to Brazil
from Brazil
to Belgium
from Belgium
to the Philippines
from the Philippines
8
Complete: Ma grand-mère vient ___ (from Italy).
9
Fill in the preposition: Ils vivent ___ Colombie-Britannique.
10
Fill in the preposition: Nous passons l'hiver ___ Manitoba, à Saint-Boniface.
11
Tu reviens du Sénégal? — Oui, j'___ reviens. Which pronoun completes the answer?
12
Which country is masculine even though its name ends in -e?

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