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Lesson 3 of 6Pronouns, Negation and Agreement
Unit 3 · Lesson 3 of 6

Dont, Duquel and Où

Dont at full strength: with verbs, adjectives and nouns built on de, as whose with the right word order, and as including in lists and news. Then the two places where dont stops working, compound prepositions like près de and au sujet de (duquel, de laquelle, de qui) and nouns that follow a preposition, and the où family: où for place and time, d'où for origin, par où for a route.

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Key things to remember

  1. 1dont replaces de + noun when de belongs to a verb (se souvenir de), an adjective (fier de), an expression (avoir besoin de) or a noun (whose).
  2. 2dont = whose: after dont use normal order, and the owned noun takes le, la, les: l'auteure dont j'ai lu le roman (never dont son roman).
  3. 3In lists and statistics, dont = including: quinze blessés, dont trois graves.
  4. 4de at the end of a compound preposition (près de, au sujet de, au bord de, à cause de): use duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, or de qui for people.
  5. 5où = where and when; d'où = from where (le pays d'où elle vient); par où = through where.

J'ai acheté le produit dont tu m'avais parlé l'autre jour (I bought the product you had told me about the other day). One small word, dont, does the work of English about which, of which, whose and even including. You met it in Grade 10 with parler de and avoir besoin de. At Grade 12 you need its full range, because it is everywhere in news, reviews and formal writing: un auteur dont les romans ont été traduits en vingt langues, quinze blessés, dont trois graves. You also need to recognise the two situations where dont is not allowed and duquel takes over, and to keep dont apart from d'où, its look-alike for places. The test for all of them is the same as for every relative pronoun: rebuild the second idea as a full French sentence and look at the little word in front of the noun.

Where the de comes fromFull sentenceWith dontEnglish
a verb + deJe me souviendrai de ce voyage.un voyage dont je me souviendraia trip I'll remember
a verb + deElle s'occupe de ces dossiers.les dossiers dont elle s'occupethe files she handles
an adjective + deJe suis fier de ce projet.le projet dont je suis le plus fierthe project I'm proudest of
an expression + deJ'ai besoin d'un outil.l'outil dont j'ai besointhe tool I need
a noun + de (whose)Le roman de cette auteure a gagné un prix.l'auteure dont le roman a gagné un prixthe author whose novel won a prize
a number or part (including)Trois des blessés sont dans un état grave.quinze blessés, dont trois gravesfifteen injured, including three seriously
Dont replaces de plus the noun, whether the de belongs to a verb, an adjective, a set expression or another noun. In the last row it means including or among them, a use you will see constantly in news reports and statistics.
Dont, duquel or où? Look at what comes before the nounRebuild the full sentence:what links the verb to the missing noun?plain deafter a verb, adjective or nounparler de · se souvenir deavoir besoin de · fier dele roman de… (whose)dontalso = including: dont trois…un voyage dont je me souviensa trip I rememberde ending a prepositionde is part of the prepositionprès de · à côté deen face de · au sujet deau bord de · à cause deduquel · de laquelledesquels · desquellespeople: de qui also worksle parc près duquel j'habitethe park I live neara place or a timewhere, when, from wherela ville… · le jour…au moment… · venir de + placepasser par + routeoùfrom: d'où · through: par oùle pays d'où elle vientthe country she comes fromdont = whose: after dont, keep normal sentence orderla chanteusenoundontwhosej'subjectadmireverbla voixowned noun + articlethe singer whosevoice I admire✗ la chanteuse dont la voix j'admire (English order)✗ la chanteuse dont j'admire sa voix (dont already means whose: no possessive)
Fig 1A decision chart: plain de after a verb, adjective or noun leads to dont; de at the end of a longer preposition such as près de or au sujet de leads to duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles or de qui; a place or a time leads to où, with d'où for origin. A strip at the bottom shows the word order after dont meaning whose.
After dont, use normal sentence order
English moves the owned noun to the front: the singer whose voice I admire. French does not. After dont comes an ordinary clause, subject + verb + the rest, and the owned noun keeps an ordinary determiner (usually le, la, les), never a possessive: la chanteuse dont j'admire la voix. Writing dont la voix j'admire copies English order, and dont sa voix doubles the idea of possession; both are errors.
AOwned noun is the subject: it follows dont directly
  • la chanteuse dont la voix m'impressionne — the singer whose voice impresses me
  • l'entreprise dont le siège est à Moncton — the company whose head office is in Moncton
  • les élèves dont les parents travaillent le soir — the students whose parents work evenings
BOwned noun is an object: it goes after the verb
  • la chanteuse dont j'admire la voix — the singer whose voice I admire
  • l'entreprise dont nous connaissons la directrice — the company whose director we know
  • l'auteure dont j'ai lu le dernier roman — the author whose latest novel I read

When dont is not possible: duquel and de qui

Dont only works when de stands on its own. Many prepositions end in de: près de (near), à côté de (next to), au sujet de and à propos de (about), au bord de (on the edge of), en face de (across from), au milieu de (in the middle of), autour de (around), à cause de (because of), au cours de (during), lors de (at the time of). The de is glued to the rest of the preposition, so dont cannot pull it away. Instead, keep the whole preposition at the front of the clause and add a form of lequel merged with de: duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles. For people, de qui is also possible and often more natural: la collègue à côté de qui je travaille (the colleague I work next to).

Compound prepositionExampleEnglish
au sujet deVoici les livres au sujet desquels tout le monde se dispute.Here are the books everyone is arguing about.
au bord dele lac au bord duquel nous avons campéthe lake we camped beside
en face dela pharmacie en face de laquelle j'habitethe pharmacy I live across from
à cause deles orages à cause desquels le vol a été annuléthe storms because of which the flight was cancelled
au cours dela réunion au cours de laquelle on a votéthe meeting during which we voted
à côté de (person)la fille à côté de qui (or de laquelle) je suis assisthe girl I sit next to
Keep the full preposition, then merge its final de with lesquels or lesquelles (desquels, desquelles) or with lequel (duquel). The feminine singular stays de laquelle.
The second limit: a noun that follows a preposition
Dont also fails when the noun it completes is itself after a preposition. Je m'intéresse à l'histoire de ce pays: de ce pays depends on l'histoire, which follows à. Le pays dont je m'intéresse à l'histoire is wrong. Formal French says le pays à l'histoire duquel je m'intéresse, which is correct but heavy. Most writers simply rephrase so that the noun becomes a subject or direct object: le pays dont l'histoire m'intéresse (the country whose history interests me).

Où, d'où and par où

UseExampleEnglish
placela ville où j'ai grandithe town where I grew up
timel'hiver où il a tant neigé · au moment où le train partaitthe winter when it snowed so much · just as the train was leaving
origin (from where)le village d'où vient ma grand-mèrethe village my grandmother comes from
route (through where)le sentier par où nous sommes passésthe trail we went along
no noun: là oùLà où j'habite, l'hiver dure cinq mois.Where I live, winter lasts five months.
Où covers both place and time after a noun. With a preposition, it becomes d'où (from) or par où (through, by way of). Où can also replace dans lequel or sur lequel for a place: la maison où or dans laquelle j'ai grandi.
Dont or d'où after venir de?
Both come from de, but they do different jobs. For physical origin, coming from a place, use d'où: le pays d'où elle vient (the country she comes from), not dont elle vient. Dont appears with origin only in formal phrases about family or descent: la famille dont il est issu (the family he comes from). And when the relative clause has a noun subject, French often flips it after the verb, which sounds smoother: le village d'où vient ma grand-mère rather than d'où ma grand-mère vient; both are correct.
Loading interactive…
Decide what the shared noun does in the second sentence and follow the chart to dont, où or a merged form of lequel such as duquel.

In context: an invented local news brief

  • Un incendie s'est déclaré hier soir dans un entrepôt de Trois-Rivières, près duquel se trouve une école primaire. — A fire broke out last night in a Trois-Rivières warehouse, near which there is an elementary school.
  • Une vingtaine de pompiers, dont six volontaires, ont combattu les flammes pendant trois heures. — About twenty firefighters, including six volunteers, fought the flames for three hours.
  • Le propriétaire, dont l'entreprise existe depuis 1985, s'est dit soulagé. — The owner, whose company has existed since 1985, said he was relieved.
  • Le quartier où se trouve l'entrepôt a été évacué au moment où le feu prenait de l'ampleur. — The neighbourhood where the warehouse is located was evacuated just as the fire was spreading.
  • Les causes de l'incendie, au sujet desquelles la police reste prudente, ne sont pas encore connues. — The causes of the fire, about which police remain cautious, are not yet known.

When you listen to a news report, these pronouns tell you how facts hang together: dont six volontaires narrows a number, dont l'entreprise adds background about a person, près duquel and où locate the event. When you write one, they let you pack several facts into one sentence without repeating nouns, which is exactly what makes news French sound professional.

Worked examples

Reveal one step at a time and try to beat it to the next line.

Example 1
Join with a relative pronoun: C'est un projet. Je suis très fier de ce projet.
Example 2
Translate: the singer whose voice I admire
Example 3
Join: Voici le lac. Nous avons campé au bord de ce lac.
Example 4
Join: C'est le village. Ma grand-mère vient de ce village.

Where marks get lost

  • Copying English word order or adding a possessive after dont: l'auteure dont le roman j'ai lu, l'auteure dont son roman. Write l'auteure dont j'ai lu le roman.
  • Using dont after a compound preposition: le lac dont nous avons campé au bord. Keep the preposition and merge: le lac au bord duquel nous avons campé.
  • Using dont for origin from a place: la ville dont je viens. Say la ville d'où je viens.
  • Forgetting that the verb needs de: le livre que j'ai besoin, le voyage que je me souviens. Avoir besoin de and se souvenir de need dont.
  • Writing le jour quand or le moment que. After most nouns of time French uses où: le jour où, au moment où. (A few set phrases take que: chaque fois que, la première fois que.)

Flashcards 8

dont replaces…
the author whose novel I read
fifteen injured, including three seriously
the lake we camped beside
+ 4 more

Practice

1
J'ai acheté le produit ___ tu m'avais parlé.
2
Which sentence correctly says the athlete whose coach I know?
3
Fill in: Voici la pharmacie en face ___ j'habite. (pharmacie is feminine)
4
Fill in: Ce sont les orages à cause ___ le vol a été annulé. (orages is masculine plural)
5
C'est la ville ___ viennent mes parents.
6
A news report says: Vingt personnes ont été évacuées, dont quatre enfants. What does dont mean here?
7
Join into one sentence with a relative pronoun: C'est un voyage. Je me souviendrai toujours de ce voyage.
8
Which sentence is correct?
9
Match each beginning to the pronoun that completes it.
l'outil ___ j'ai besoin
le parc près ___ j'habite
le jour ___ je suis arrivé
la région ___ elle vient
le chemin ___ on est passés
10
Put the words in order: the company whose director we know
  1. 1la directrice
  2. 2connaissons
  3. 3nous
  4. 4l'entreprise
  5. 5dont

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